送交者: Yush 于 2006-3-23, 23:49:56:
中国：教授学术剽窃，丑闻遍及全国
美国奈特—里德报系(Knight- Ridder Newspapers)
姜杰(Tim Johnson)
2006年3月22日
http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/14161154.htm
Posted on Wed, Mar. 22, 2006
In China, faculty plagiarism a 'national scandal'
By Tim Johnson
Knight Ridder Newspapers
中国汕头--多起对学术剽窃的指控在中国大学中激起波澜。这些指控并非针对作弊的学生，而是那些剽窃他人的教授们。
SHANTOU, China - Charges of plagiarism roil China's universities, but they're not about students cheating. They're about professors who filch from one another.
有些教授盗用其他学者的成果；另一些则利用手下众多研究生发表大量文章，并在学生的成果上署名。
Some professors pilfer the work of other scholars. Some employ teams of graduate students and publish large numbers of articles with their names on the students' work.
近来卷入丑闻的有：某明星法学家、某生物医学家及某新闻伦理学教授。事件经媒体曝光后，人们议论纷纷。
Among those implicated in recent scandals are a star legal scholar, a biomedical researcher and a journalism ethics teacher. The cases, exposed in the Chinese press, have people talking.
丑闻笼罩下的学术体制，只根据学者发表的成果的数量对其进行奖励，而很少根据其质量。
At the core of the scandals is an academic system that rewards scholars for prolific results in publishing and pays little regard to quality.
毗邻香港的汕头大学长江新闻与传播学院院长陈婉莹说：“这种丑闻遍及全国。”
"It's a national scandal," said Chan Yuenying, the dean of the school of journalism at Shantou University, near Hong Kong.
陈婉莹去年十二月促使胡兴荣因剽窃而辞职，并触发了人们对学术剽窃问题的思考。胡兴荣剽窃了某大学一博士研究生的部分论文。他一直讲授的是新闻伦理学，教导学生不要抄袭他人。
Chan helped spark debate last December when she forced Hu Xingrong to resign amid accusations that Hu had plagiarized part of a paper written by a Ph.D. candidate at another school. Hu had taught journalism ethics, lecturing students not to copy from others.
汕头大学助教授蔡开言（音译，Choi Kai Yan）说：“通常，中国存在一种怂恿你使用他人成果而署上你的名字的风气。没有人为此谴责你，谁也不拿剽窃当回事。”
"In general, in China there is a kind of climate of temptation to use other people's work and put your name on it. No one condemns you for it," said Choi Kai Yan, an assistant professor at Shantou University. "No one takes plagiarism very seriously."
对学术剽窃，美国学者和作家并非毫无所闻；而在中国乃至整个亚洲，自一月份韩国胚胎干细胞科学家黄禹锡伪造数据被揭露以来，更是议论纷纷。黄禹锡于星期一丢掉了在首尔大学的工作。
Plagiarism isn't unknown among American academics and writers. But there's been more discussion of it in China and throughout Asia since January, when South Korean embryonic stem cell scientist Hwang Woo-suk was unmasked for faking data. Hwang lost his job Monday at Seoul National University.
1998年，前国家主席江泽民立下了宏伟目标，在2020年前建设100所一流高等学校和30所世界先进水平的研究型大学。随后，中国的大学如雨后春笋般涌现成长。目前，中国有2000余所大学，其中4所为世界级大学。现有6百万大学生，且入学人数正以每年百分之15的速度增长。
China's universities have mushroomed since 1998, when then-President Jiang Zemin set an ambitious goal of creating 100 first-class universities and 30 world-class research universities by 2020. China today has four world-class universities among more than 2,000 universities with 6 million students. Enrollment is increasing at a rate of 15 percent a year.
大学对论文发表采取一种宽松的评审政策，部分原因在于，很多管理人员重视教员广泛发表文章。有些管理人员本身就被指控剽窃。
Universities adopt a lax review policy, partly because many administrators value a faculty that publishes widely. Some administrators are themselves accused plagiarists.
蔡开言说：“他们才不管你的研究成果是不是你自己的。他们只想见到成果。”
"They don't care if your research results are your own. They just want to see results," Choi said.
有些资深中国学者每年发表大量文章，其产量之高在西方国家会令人难以置信。很多情况下，是研究生们使高产成为可能。
Some senior Chinese scholars produce so many articles each year that the output would defy credibility in the West. Graduate students make it possible in many cases.
26岁的汕头大学硕士研究生宫拥军（音译，Gong Yongjun）开办了一个关于学术腐败的网站。他说：中国的研究生把他们的学术导师更看作老板，“他们事实上就称呼其导师为‘老板’。然后老板就会把他自己的名字署到他学生的成果上。”
Chinese graduate students look on their academic mentors more as bosses, said Gong Yongjun, a 26-year-old master's degree candidate at Shantou University who operates a Web site on academic corruption. "They actually call them `boss.' Then the boss will put his own name on his students' work."
政府新闻机构新华社最近发布了一篇文章，引用国务院参事任玉岭的话声称：“学术剽窃和研究造假在中国已经猖獗。”任玉岭警告：这个问题正损害着人们对学术界的信任。
The government news agency Xinhua carried a recent article asserting, "Plagiarism and fake research have become rampant in China." It said Ren Yuing, a senior official of the State Council, warned that the issue was eroding trust in academia.
新华社说：任玉岭“引述了一份最近对180个博士的调查，其中60%在学术刊物上花钱发论文，大约同样比例的人抄袭他人成果。”
Xinhua said Ren "cited a recent survey of 180 Ph.D. degree holders, of whom 60 percent paid to be published in academic journals; and about the same percentage copied others' work."
本周，109位中国学者发表了一封公开信，呼吁主管机构对学术剽窃采取措施。来自中国几所著名大学的教授们签署了该公开信。
This week, 109 Chinese academics published an open letter calling on authorities to take action against plagiarism. Signing the letter were professors from several of China's most prestigious universities.
方是民，一位对学术剽窃的监督者，是毕业于美国密歇根州立大学的分子生物学家。他回到了中国，并致力于揭露学术欺诈行为。
One plagiarism monitor, Fang Shimin, is a molecular biologist trained at Michigan State University who returned to China and began to root out scientific fraud.
方是民将其所做的工作在名为新语丝的网站上公布。他说：“自从我2000年8月开始这项工作以来，我已经揭露了超过500起学术不端行为，而这仅仅是我收到的投诉的一小部分。其中绝大多数与剽窃有关。”
"Since starting my work in August 2000, I have disclosed more than 500 cases of scientific misconduct, and these were just a small portion of charges I received. Most of them were about plagiarism," said Fang, who publicizes his work on a Web site called New Threads.
方是民说：“在中国，剽窃国外论文的现象很常见。他们不把这当回事。另外，中国没有保护揭发者的机制，因此，即使有人能正直勇敢地站出来揭露其同事或上级的不端行为，也肯定会面临报复。”
"Plagiarizing foreign papers is a common practice in China," Fang said. "They don't think it's a big deal. Besides, China doesn't have a system to protect whistleblowers, so even if someone has integrity and guts to stand up against his or her wrongdoing peers or supervisors, he or she will certainly face retaliation."
以下是近期关于剽窃和其他学术不端的部分指控：
－丘小庆，四川大学生物医学教授，被指控在2003年11月的《自然－生物技术》上发表欺骗性的研究成果。六位合著者已要求从论文中去掉他们的名字。
Among the recent allegations of plagiarism and other academic misconduct:
- Qiu Xiaoqing, a biomedicine professor at Sichuan University who's accused of publishing fraudulent research in the November 2003 issue of Nature Biotechnology. Six of his co-authors have sought to remove their names from the article.
－周叶中，武汉大学法学家，曾为国家主席胡锦涛作过宪法报告，去年12月被指控抄袭一位曾经入过狱的异议人士的著作。
- Zhou Yezhong, a legal scholar at Wuhan University who has lectured President Hu Jintao on constitutional law, was accused last December of copying the work of a once-jailed dissident.
－沈履伟，天津外国语学院副教授。据新华社报道，沈履伟因在其出版的书中剽窃了他人十篇文章，已于一月份被解除教职。
- Shen Luwei, an associate professor at Tianjin Foreign Studies University, was removed from his post in January for plagiarizing 10 articles in a book he published, Xinhua said.
中国教育部长本月说：将设立一个国家委员会来调查学术不端。
China's Ministry of Education said this month that it would set up a national committee to investigate misconduct.
方是民说：官员们“在这个问题上只不过嘴上说说而已”。方是民指出，中国需要的是一个监督机构。
Fang said officials "are just paying lip service to this issue" and suggested that China needed a watchdog agency.
有人说，本性难移。
Some say attitudes may be hard to change.
汕头大学新闻学研究生傅永康（音译，Fu Yongkang）说：“学者们想，‘要是我的成果被别人剽窃抄袭了，那正说明我的工作做的好。’”
"Scholars think, `If my works are plagiarized or copied, that means my works are great,'" said Fu Yongkang, a graduate student of journalism at Shantou University.
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学术剽窃的认定：
美国等地的院校禁止学生及教员将他人的成果归为己有。绝大多数院校对如何构成剽窃有广泛的定义。以下是乔治敦大学的定义：
What Constitutes Plagiarism:
Colleges and universities in the United States and elsewhere prohibit students and faculty members from claiming other peoples' work as their own, and most of them have extensive definitions of what constitutes plagiarism. The following is Georgetown University's:
根据荣誉委员会文件，学术剽窃定义为“把他人的思想或作品冒充为自己的”。荣誉委员会《承认他人的工作》手册（经康奈尔大学许可使用）的附录部分，介绍了必须提供参考书目或鸣谢的三种惯例：
"Plagiarism is defined by the Honor Council document as `the act of passing off as one's own the ideas or writings of another.' In the Appendix to the Honor Council pamphlet called `Acknowledging the Work of Others' (which is used by permission of Cornell University), three simple conventions are presented for when you must provide a reference:
1. 如果你使用了别人的思想，你应当指出出处。
2. 如果你使用原始资料的方式不清晰，你应当使其清晰。
3. 如果你论文写作中接受过别人的明确帮助，你应当鸣谢。
"1. If you use someone else's ideas, you should cite the source.
"2. If the way in which you are using the source is unclear, make it clear.
"3. If you received specific help from someone in writing the paper, acknowledge it."
乔治敦大学关于学术剽窃的全部讨论见：
Georgetown's full discussion of plagiarism is at:
http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/index.html