ÃÀÓëÎïÀíѧ ÑîÕñÄþ Ê®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÎïÀíѧµÄÈýÏî×î¸ß³É¾ÍÊÇÈÈÁ¦Ñ§¡¢µç´ÅѧÓëͳ¼ÆÁ¦Ñ§¡£ ÆäÖÐͳ¼ÆÁ¦Ñ§µì»ùÓÚÂó¿Ë˹Τ£¨J. Maxwell , 1831 - 1879£©¡¢²¨¶ú ×ÈÂü£¨L. Boltzmann , 1844 - 1905£©Ó뼪²¼Ë¹£¨W. Gibbs , 1839 - 1903£©µÄ¹¤×÷¡£²¨¶ú×ÈÂüÔø¾­Ëµ¹ý£º һλÒôÀÖ¼ÒÔÚÌýµ½¼¸¸öÒô½Úºó£¬¼´ÄܱæÈϳöĪÔúÌØ£¨Mozart£©¡¢ ±´¶à·Ò£¨Beethoven£©»òÊæ²®ÌØ£¨Schubert£©µÄÒôÀÖ¡£ ͬÑù£¬Ò»Î»Êý ѧ¼Ò»òÎïÀíѧ¼ÒÒ²ÄÜÔÚ¶ÁÁËÊýÒ³ÎÄ×Öºó±æÈϳö¿ÂÎ÷£¨Cauchy£©¡¢¸ß˹ £¨Gauss£©¡¢Ñſɱȣ¨Jacobi£©¡¢º¥Ä·»ô×È£¨Helmholtz£©»ò¿Ë¶ûÆÚºÀ ·ò£¨Kirchhoff£©µÄ¹¤×÷¡£ ¶ÔÓÚËûµÄÕâÒ»¶Î»°Ò²ÐíÓÐÈ˻ᷢÉúÒÉÎÊ£º¿ÆѧÊÇÑо¿ÊÂʵµÄ£¬Ê ʵ¾ÍÊÇÊÂʵ£¬ ÄÇÀï»áÓÐÉõô·ç¸ñ£¿ ¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»µãÎÒÔø¾­ÓйýÈçϵÄÌÖ ÂÛ£º ÈÃÎÒÃÇÄÃÎïÀíѧÀ´½²°É¡£ÎïÀíѧµÄÔ­ÀíÓÐËüµÄ½á¹¹¡£Õâ¸ö½á¹¹ÓÐ ËüµÄÃÀºÍÃîµÄµØ·½¡£¶ø¸÷¸öÎïÀíѧ¹¤×÷Õߣ¬¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸ö½á¹¹µÄ²»Í¬µÄÃÀ ºÍÃîµÄµØ·½£¬Óв»Í¬µÄ¸ÐÊÜ¡£ÒòΪ´ó¼ÒÓв»Í¬µÄ¸ÐÊÜ£¬ËùÒÔÿλ¹¤×÷ Õ߾ͻᷢչËû×Ô¼º¶ÀÌصÄÑо¿·½ÏòºÍÑо¿·½·¨¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵Ëû»áÐγÉËû ×Ô¼ºµÄ·ç¸ñ¡£ ½ñÌìÎÒµÄÑݽ²¾ÍÊÇÒª³¢ÊÔ²ûÊöÉÏÃæÕâÒ»¶Î»°¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÈ´ÓÁ½Î»ÖøÃû ÎïÀíѧ¼ÒµÄ·ç¸ñ½²Æð¡£ Ò»¡¢µÒÀ­¿Ë µÒÀ­¿Ë£¨P. 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Kuhn , 1922 - 1996£©·ÃÎÊËû£¬Ì¸µ½¹¹Ë¼ÄǸö¹¤×÷ʱµÄÇé¾°¡£º£É­²®Ëµ£º ÅÀɽµÄʱºò£¬ÄãÏëÅÀij¸öɽ·å£¬µ«ÍùÍùµ½´¦ÊÇÎí¡­¡­ÄãÓеØͼ£¬ »ò±ðµÄË÷ÒýÖ®ÀàµÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÖªµÀÄãµÄÄ¿µÄµØ£¬ µ«ÊÇÈÔ¶éÈëÎíÖС£ È»ºó ¡­¡­ºöÈ»ÄãÄ£ºýµØ£¬ Ö»ÔÚÊýÃëÖӵŦ·ò£¬ ×ÔÎíÖп´µ½Ò»Ð©ÐÎÏó£¬Äã ˵£º¡°Å¶£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÒªÕҵĴóʯ¡£¡±Õû¸öÇéÐÎ×Դ˶ø·¢ÉúÁËÍ»±ä£¬Òò ΪËäÈ»ÄãÈÔ²»ÖªµÀÄãÄܲ»ÄÜÅÀµ½ÄÇ¿é´óʯ£¬µ«ÊÇÄÇһ˲¼äÄã˵£º¡°ÎÒ ÏÖÔÚÖªµÀÎÒÔÚÉõôµØ·½ÁË¡£ÎÒ±ØÐëÅÀ½üÄÇ¿é´óʯ£¬È»ºó¾ÍÖªµÀ¸ÃÈçºÎ Ç°½øÁË¡£¡± Õâ¶Î̸»°Éú¶¯µØÃèÊöÁ˺£É­²®1925ÄêÏÄÃþË÷Ç°½øµÄÇéÐΡ£ÒªÁ˽⠵±Ê±µÄÆø·Õ£¬±ØÐëÖªµÀ×Ô´Ó1913Äê²£¶ûÌá³öÁËËûµÄÔ­×ÓÄ£ÐÍÒÔºó£¬Îï Àíѧ¼´½øÈëÁËÒ»¸ö·Ç³£Ê±´ú£º Å£¶Ù£¨I. Newton , 1642 - 1727£©Á¦ ѧµÄ»ù´¡·¢ÉúÁ˶¯Ò¡£¬¿ÉÊÇÓÃÁËÅ£¶ÙÁ¦Ñ§µÄһЩ¹ÛÄîÔÙ¼ÓÉÏһЩÐ嵀 ÍùÍù²»ÄÜ×ÔÔ²Æä˵µÄ¼ÙÉ裬ȴÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ׼ȷµØÃèÊöÐí¶àÔ­×ӽṹ·½ÃæÆæ ÌصÄʵÑé½á¹û¡£°Â±¾º£Ä¬£¨J.R. Oppenheimer , 1904 - 1967£©ÕâÑù ÃèÊöÕâ¸ö²»Ñ°³£µÄʱ´ú£º ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸öÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀïÄÍÐŤ×÷µÄʱ´ú£¬ÓÐÐí¶à¹Ø¼üÐÔµÄʵÑéºÍ´ó µ¨µÄ¾ö²ß£¬ÓÐÐí¶à´íÎóµÄ³¢ÊԺͲ»³ÉÊìµÄ¼ÙÉè¡£ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸öÕæֿͨѶÓë ´Òæ»áÒéµÄʱ´ú£¬ÓÐÐí¶à¼¤ÁҵıçÂÛºÍÎÞÇéµÄÅúÆÀ£¬ÀïÃæ³äÂúÁËÇÉÃî µÄÊýѧÐԵĵ²¼Ü·½·¨¡£ ¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩ²Î¼ÓÕߣ¬ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸ö´´ÐµÄʱ´ú£¬×ÔÓîÖæ½á¹¹µÄÐÂÈÏʶÖÐ ËûÃǵõ½Á˼¤·Ü£¬Ò²³¢µ½Á˿־塣Õâ¶ÎÀúÊ·¿ÖÅÂÓÀÔ¶²»»á±»ÍêÈ«¼Í¼ ÏÂÀ´¡£ ҪдÕâ¶ÎÀúÊ·ÐëÒªÓÐÏñд°ÂµÏÅÁ˹£¨Oedipus£©»òд¿ËÂ×Íþ¶û £¨Cromwell£©ÄÇÑùµÄ±ÊÁ¦£¬¿ÉÊÇÓÉÓÚÉæ¼°µÄ֪ʶ¾àÀëÈÕ³£Éú»îÊÇÈç´Ë Ò£Ô¶£¬ÊµÔÚºÜÄÑÏëÏñÓÐÈκÎÊ«ÈË»òÊ·¼ÒÄÜʤÈΡ£ 1925ÄêÏÄÌ죬23ËêµÄº£É­²®ÔÚÎíÖÐÃþË÷£¬ÖÕÓÚÃþµ½ÁË·½Ïò£¬Ð´ÁË ÉÏ ÃæËùÌáµ½µÄÄÇƪÎÄÕ¡£ ÓÐÈË˵ÕâÊÇÈý°ÙÄêÀ´ÎïÀíѧʷÉϼÌÅ£¶ÙµÄ ¡¶ÊýѧԭÀí¡·ÒÔºóÓ°Ïì×îÉîÔ¶µÄһƪÎÄÕ¡£ ¿ÉÊÇÕâƪÎÄÕÂÖ»¿ª´´ÁËÒ»¸öÃþË÷Ç°½øµÄ·½Ïò£¬´ËºóÁ½Äê¼ä»¹ÒªÍ¨ ¹ý ²£ ¶÷£¨M. Born , 1882 - 1970£©¡¢ µÒÀ­¿Ë¡¢ Ѧ¶¨ÚÌ£¨E. Schrdinger , 1887 - 1961£©¡¢²£¶ûµÈÈ˺ͺ£É­²®×Ô¼ºµÄŬÁ¦£¬Á¿×Ó Á¦Ñ§µÄÕûÌå¼Ü¹¹²ÅÖð½¥Íê³É¡£Á¿×ÓÁ¦Ñ§Ê¹ÎïÀíѧ¿çÈëոеÄʱ´ú£¬¸ü Ö±½ÓÓ°ÏìÁ˶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¹¤Òµ·¢Õ¹£¬¾Ù·²ºËÄÜ·¢µç¡¢ºËÎäÆ÷¡¢¼¤¹â¡¢°ë µ¼ÌåÔª¼þµÈ¶¼ÊÇÁ¿×ÓÁ¦Ñ§µÄ²úÎï¡£ 1927ÄêÏÄ£¬ 25ËêÉÐδ½á»éµÄº£É­²®µ±ÁËÀ³±ÈÎý£¨Leipzig£©´óѧ ÀíÂÛÎïÀíϵÖ÷ÈΡ£ºóÀ´³ÉÃûµÄ²¼ÂåºÕ£¨F. Bloch , 1905 - 1983£¬ºË ´Å¹²Õñ»úÖÆ´´½¨Õߣ©ºÍÌØÀÕ£¨E. 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