Open Access Overview开放概况

Focusing on open access to peer-reviewed research articles and their preprints围绕公开同行审查和研究文章初稿

This is an introduction to open access (OA) for those who are new to the concept.这是一个开放式的介绍(二)对于那些新的概念. I hope it's short enough to read, long enough to be useful, and organized to let you skip around and dive into detail only where you want detail.我希望它的短不够看,很久是有益的,有组织让你跳一跳成左右,只有当你想详细细节. It doesn't cover every nuance or answer every objection.它并不包括每个细微每异议或答复. But for those who read it, it should cover enough territory to prevent the misunderstandings that delayed progress in our early days.但对于那些看过、它应涵盖领土够防止误解进度延误早期. I welcome your comments and suggestions.我欢迎你们的意见和建议.

If this overview is still too long, then see my very brief introduction to OA.如果这还太长概况,然后看到我非常简介办公. It's available in a dozen languages and should print out on just one page, depending on your font size.它的话,应可在10月刚刚打印出一页,取决于你字体.

Once you're acquainted with the general idea of OA, follow new developments through my blog and newsletter , and see what you can do to help the cause.一旦你熟悉办公自动化的总体思路,按照新的发展,通过我的博客和通讯、见您也可以帮助事业.

Peter Suber彼得催芽
Last revised March 10, 2006.上次2006年3月10日.
<hr>
* Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.不限(二)查阅文献数字,网上免费和自由的版权和许可证限制最.
o OA removes price barriers (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and permission barriers (most copyright and licensing restrictions).消除壁垒营运价格(征订、牌照费,按次收费期)和许可障碍(最版权和许可证限制). The PLoS shorthand definition —"free availability and unrestricted use"— succinctly captures both elements.走近速记的定义--"自由流通和使用不受限制"地夺得两要件.
o There is some flexibility about which permission barriers to remove.允许有一定的灵活性,其中约清除障碍. For example, some OA providers permit commercial re-use and some do not.例如,有些商业营运许可证提供商再用一些不. Some permit derivative works and some do not.有些作品,有些不许可的衍生. But all of the major public definitions of OA agree that merely removing price barriers, or limiting permissible uses to "fair use" ("fair dealing" in the UK), is not enough.但所有主要的OA公共定义只同意拆除价格壁垒限制使用或者允许"合理使用"("公平交易"在英国),是不够的.
o Here's how the Budapest Open Access Initiative put it: "There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By 'open access' to this literature, w e mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, o r link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, o r use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, o r technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and d istribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, s hould be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and c ited."这里的是如何把它布达佩斯开放存取倡议:" 有许多种,广泛程度和方便这一文学.『开放』这个文学、钨专指其对公众免费提供因特网,允许任何用户阅读、下载、复制、散发、印刷、搜索、澳住宅连接这些文章的全文,他们爬行索引,通过这些数据软件、澳住宅使用任何其他合法目的,未经财政、法制、澳住宅技术壁垒以外分不开因特网获取本身.唯一限制复制和D 分布等,并在这一领域唯一的作用版权,收盘滑坡给作者控制权的完整性和他们的工作必须妥善确认和C瑞士日本."
o Here's how the Bethesda and Berlin statements put it: For a work to be OA, the copyright holder must consent in advance to let users "copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...."这里的报表怎么把它和柏林的TBS:一个是营运工作,事先征得著作权人必须让用户"拷贝、使用、散发、传送和展示的工作,并提出公开发行衍生厂任何一个负责任的数码媒体宗旨,受到适当花丛著作权归属
o The Budapest (February 2002), Bethesda (June 2003), and Berlin (October 2003) definitions of "open access" are the most central and influential for the OA movement.布达佩斯(2002年2月),TBS(2003年6月)、柏林(2003年10月)的定义,"开放"是最有影响力的中央和移动办公. Sometimes I refer to them collectively, or to their common ground, as the BBB definition .有时我指他们集体或其共同点,但由于血脑屏障定义.
o While removing price barriers without removing permission barriers is not enough for full OA under the BBB definition, there's no doubt that price barriers constitute the bulk of the problem for which OA is the solution.拆除未经批准而拆除壁垒价格壁垒是不够充分营运血脑屏障下定义因此毫无疑问的价格构成障碍的问题,其中大部分是办公自动化解决方案. Removing price barriers alone will give most OA proponents most of what they want and need.去除价格壁垒仅会给营运倡议者最想和最需要什么.
o In addition to removing access barriers, OA should be immediate, rather than delayed, and should apply to full-text, not just to abstracts or summaries.除了清除准入障碍,应立即营运,而非拖延,应适用于全文,不仅仅是为了文摘或摘要.

* OA is compatible with copyright , peer review , revenue (even profit), print, preservation, prestige, career-advancement, indexing, and other features and supportive services associated with conventional scholarly literature.营运符合著作权、同行审查,年收入(即使利润),打印、保存、威望、职业进步、索引、相关配套服务等特点,与常规的学术文献.
o The primary difference is that the bills are not paid by readers and hence do not function as access barriers.法案的主要区别在于,读者不支付功能,因此没有进入壁垒.

* The legal basis of OA is either the consent of the copyright holder or the public domain, usually the former.无论是依据法律的OA征得著作权人或公共领域,通常前者.
o Because OA uses copyright-holder consent, or the expiration of copyright, it does not require the abolition, reform, or infringement of copyright law.由于办公用途版权持有人同意或到期著作权,不需要取消,改革或者侵权法. Nor does it require that copyright holders waive all the rights that run to them under copyright law and assign their work to the public domain.也不要求著作权免收一切权利对他们来说,根据著作权法和转让公共领域的工作.
o One easy, effective, and increasingly common way for copyright holders to manifest their consent to OA is to use one of the Creative Commons licenses.一个简单,有效,而越来越常见的方式表现为著作权人同意关节炎是一个创意公地使用执照. Many other open-content licenses will also work.许多其他不限工作内容也会执照. Copyright holders could also compose their own licenses or permission statements and attach them to their works.著作权人还可以自己谱写或许可执照报表和附加他们自己的工程.
o When copyright holders consent to OA, what are they consenting to?当著作权人同意营运,他们又同意吗? Usually they consent in advance to the unrestricted reading, downloading, copying, sharing, storing, printing, searching, linking, and crawling of the full-text of the work.他们通常事先征得无限制阅读、下载、复制、共享、存储、打印、搜索、连接、而爬行的全文的工作. Most authors choose to retain the right to block the distribution of mangled or misattributed copies.多数选择保留作者有权阻止或毁损分布据实副本. Some choose to block commercial re-use of the work.选择一些商业大厦重新使用工作. Essentially, these conditions block plagiarism, misrepresentation, and sometimes commercial re-use, and authorize all the uses required by legitimate scholarship, including those required by the technologies that facilitate online scholarly research.基本上,这些条件块抄袭、歪曲,有时商业再利用,并授权使用所需的一切合法奖学金包括所需的技术便利上网治学.
o For works not in the public domain, OA requires the copyright-holder's consent.务不公开、办公自动化要求版权持有人的同意. Two related conclusions follow: (1) It is a mistake to regard OA as Napster for science .两个相关结论如下:(1)是错误的Napster科学方面的营运. (2) For copyrighted works, OA is always voluntary, even if it is one of the conditions of a voluntary contract, such as an employment or funding contract.(2)为版权作品,总是自愿关节炎、即便是在自愿的情况合同,如就业合同或拨款. There is no vigilante OA, no infringing, expropriating, or piratical OA.民办公并无任何侵权、征用或强盗营运.

* The campaign for OA focuses on literature that authors give to the world without expectation of payment.文学运动集中办公,作者给世界展望付款.
o Let me call this royalty-free literature .请让我这个免专利文献. (It's interesting that there isn't already a standard term for this.)(然而,有趣的是,有一个标准来说这已经不是).
o There are two reasons to focus on royalty-free literature.原因有两个重点免专利文献. First, it reduces costs for the provider or publisher.首先,它的供应商降低成本,或出版. Second, it enables the author to consent to OA without losing revenue.其次,它使作者同意营运不致收入.
o The most important royalty-free literature for our purposes is the body of peer-reviewed scientific and scholarly research articles and their preprints.最重要的免专利文献的目的是为我们的肌体同行审查的科学和学术研究文章,初稿. (Non-academics are often surprised to learn that most scholarly journals do not pay authors for their articles.)(非常惊讶学者的学术论文,最不支付其文章作者).
o Obviously no one writes royalty-free literature for money.显然没人写信免专利文献钱. Scholars write journal articles because advancing knowledge in their fields advances their careers.学者撰写期刊论文知识进农家,因为他们的事业进步. They write for impact , not for money.他们写的影响,而不是金钱. It takes nothing away from a disinterested desire to advance knowledge to note that it is accompanied by a strong self-interest in career-building.远离了无私无需提前知识欲望注意到它伴随强烈自我兴趣生涯建设. OA does not depend on altruistic volunteerism.营运不依靠利他志愿.
o Because scholars do not earn money from their journal articles, they are very differently situated from most musicians and movie-makers.因为学者并不赚钱从其期刊论文,很大部分来自不同的音乐和电影地处庄家. Controversies about providing OA to music, movies, and other royalty-producing content, therefore, do not carry over to this unique body of content.提供办公争议音乐、电影及其他专利生产量,因此,不把尸体交给这个独一无二的内容.
o Royalty-free literature is the low-hanging fruit of OA, but OA needn't be limited to royalty-free literature.免专利文献是低挂水果的OA,但不必限于关节炎免专利文献. OA to royalty-producing literature, like monographs and novels, is possible as soon as the authors consent.营运专利产文学,像专着、小说,作者是可能尽快同意. But because these authors will fear losing revenue, their consent is more difficult to obtain.但由于这些作者会担心失去收入,较难获得他们的同意. They have to be persuaded either (1) that the benefits of OA exceed the value of their royalties, or (2) that OA will trigger a net increase in sales.他们要么被说服的好处(1)营运价值超过其版税,(2)或将引发关节炎净增销售. However, there is growing evidence that both conditions are met for most research monographs.不过,有越来越多的证据表明,大部分都符合条件的科研专着. Nevertheless, this is still a minor front in the larger campaign for OA to royalty-free literature.不过,这仍然是一个小规模的运动营运前向免专利文献.
o Nor need OA even be limited to literature.甚至也不需要营运限于文学. It can apply to any digital content, from raw and semi-raw data to learning objects, music, images, multi-media presentations, and software.它可以用于任何数字内容,从原料和半原始数据为学习对象、音乐、影像、多媒体简报软件. It can apply to works that are born digital or to older works, like public-domain literature and cultural-heritage objects, digitized later in life.它可以适用于数码精品出生或年纪工程,例如公共域文学和文化传统物体数字化后的生活.
o I refer to "peer-reviewed research articles and their preprints" in my subtitle because it's the focus of most OA activity and the focus of this overview, not because it sets the boundaries of OA.我指的"同行审查和研究文章初稿"的字幕,因为我的重心最营运活动这个概况并重点,并不是因为它集办公界限.

* Many OA initiatives focus on taxpayer-funded research.许多营运重点纳税人主动资助的研究.
o The argument for public access to publicly funded research is a strong one.论据公众获取公共资助的研究是强有力的. That is why, for example, 30+ nations have signed the Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Declaration on Access to Research Data From Public Funding .这就是为什么,例如,30+国家签署的经济合作与发展组织(OECD)宣言获得科研数据的公共资金.
o The campaign for OA to taxpayer-funded research usually recognizes exceptions for (1) classified, military research, (2) research resulting in patentable discoveries, and (3) research that authors publish in some royalty-producing form, such as books.运动营运纳税人资助的研究通常承认例外(1)分类、军事科研、(二)发明专利的研究结果,(3)研究和出版,作者在一些专营生产方式,诸如书籍. Recognizing these exceptions is at least pragmatic, and helps avoid needless battles while working for OA to the largest, easiest subset of publicly-funded research.这些例外是承认至少务实,有助于避免无谓的战役,一手抓大关节炎、容易子公费的研究.
o The lowest of the low-hanging fruit is research that is both royalty-free and taxpayer-funded.最低低挂水果研究即是双方免专利和纳税人资助. The NIH policy to provide free online access to peer-reviewed journal articles that arise from NIH-funded research is a good example.该研究所政策提供免费上网获取同行审查JOURNAL物品引起的NIH资助的研究就是一个很好的例子.

* OA literature is not free to produce or publish.关节炎文学不是免费制作或发布.
o No serious OA advocate has ever said that OA literature is costless to produce, although many argue that it is much less expensive to produce than conventionally published literature, even less expensive than priced online-only literature.从来没有主张表示严重关节炎关节炎是动用文学产生,虽然许多人认为是很便宜,比常规生产出版文学网上售价甚至比只有文学. The question is not whether scholarly literature can be made costless, but whether there are better ways to pay the bills than by charging readers and creating access barriers.问题不在于学术文献可以动用,但是否有更好的方法比付账收取读者创造准入壁垒.
o As the BOAI FAQ put it: " Free is ambiguous.白蓉常把它作为:"自由是暧昧. We mean free for readers, not free for producers.就是免费为读者免费不是生产者. We know that open-access literature is not free (without cost) to produce.我们知道开放准入文学不是免费制作(无成本). But that does not foreclose the possibility of making it free of charge (without price) for readers and users."但这并不排除可能使它免费(无价格),供读者和用户."
o The costs of producing OA literature, the savings over conventionally published literature, and the business models for recovering the costs, depend on whether the literature is delivered through OA journals or OA archives .文学生产营运成本,较传统的储蓄出版文学商业模式和回收成本,取决于文学期刊发表或通过办公自动化办公自动化档案. (Details below.)(详情如下).
o OA is compatible with priced add-ons.符合营运票价新增. As long as the full-text is OA, priced enhancements are compatible with OA.只要全文是办公,提高价格符合营运. If the enhancements are expensive to provide, then the providers may have to charge for them; if they are valuable, then providers are likely to find people willing to pay for them.如果提升昂贵提供,那么提供商可能要为他们负责;如果他们是有价值的,那么供应商会寻找愿意付出. At some OA journals, priced add-ons provide part of the revenue needed to pay for the OA.在一些办公期刊定价新增提供部分收入来支付所需营运.

* OA is compatible with peer review, and all the major OA initiatives for scientific and scholarly literature insist on its importance.营运符合同行审查,和所有的重大举措营运坚持科学和学术文献的重要性.
o Peer review does not depend on the price or medium of a journal.同行审查并不取决于价格或者教学杂志. Nor does the value, rigor, or integrity of peer review.也不值,严谨、完整或同行审查.
o One reason we know that peer review at OA journals can be as rigorous and honest as peer review in conventional journals is that it can use the same procedures, the same standards, and even the same people (editors and referees) as conventional journals.原因之一我们知道,在同侪审查可以作为办公自动化学报严谨和诚实的作为同行审查传统杂志是可以用同一程序,同一标准甚至同一人(编辑推荐)作为传统期刊.
o Conventional publishers sometimes object that one common funding model for OA journals (charging fees to authors of accepted articles or their sponsors) compromises peer review.传统出版商有时一个共同的目标,资金营运模式期刊(收费为物品或接受作者其保证人)妥协同行审查. I've answered this objection at length elsewhere .我详细地回答了这个异议别处.
o OA journals can use traditional forms of peer review or they can use innovative new forms that take advantage of the new medium and the interactive network joining scholars to one another.关节炎可以用传统形式的期刊同行审查或他们可以利用新的形式,利用创意新媒体与学者互动网络连接在一起. However, removing access barriers and reforming peer review are independent projects.但是,拆除障碍,改革进入同行审查是独立的项目. OA doesn't presuppose any particular model of peer review, and all the models of peer review that are compatible with print journals (and many more) are compatible with OA journals.营运模式并不预设任何特定同伴审查而各种型号的同行审查,符合印刷期刊(更多)符合营运期刊.
o In most disciplines and most fields the editors and referees who perform peer review donate their labor, just like the authors.在多数学科领域的编辑和大部分同行审查和裁判的艺人捐出劳动、就像作者. Where they are paid, OA to the resulting articles is still possible; it merely requires a larger subsidy than otherwise.何处支付,导致关节炎的文章仍有可能;它只需要一个更大的补贴比.
o Despite the fact that those exercising editorial judgment usually donate their labor, performing peer review still has costs --distributing files to referees, monitoring who has what, tracking progress, nagging dawdlers, collecting comments and sharing them with the right people, facilitating communication, distinguishing versions, collecting data, and so on.尽管这些判断通常行使社论捐出劳动、还有演艺同行审查费--配置档案裁判员、什么人监视、跟踪进度,喋喋不休dawdlers,收集意见和人分享他们的权利,促进沟通、分清版本,搜集,等等. Increasingly these non-editorial tasks are being automated by software , including open-source software.越来越这些非自动化软件正在编辑任务,包括开放源码软体.

* There are two primary vehicles for delivering OA to research articles, OA journals and OA archives or repositories .有两个主要研究营运车辆运送物品,或存放办公自动化学报及营运档案.
o The chief difference between them is that OA journals conduct peer review and OA archives do not.区别是,行政办公、期刊进行同行审查档案不办公. This difference explains many of the other differences between them, especially the cost and difficulty of launching and operating them.这种差异说明许多其他分歧,特别是发射和运行成本和困难.
o There are other OA vehicles on which I won't focus here, such as personal web sites, ebooks, listservs, discussion forums, blogs, wikis, RSS feeds, and P2P file-sharing networks.还有其他营运车辆我不会集中在这里,如个人网站、电子图书、名录、座谈会、博客,wikis,RSS的饲料、P2P文件共享网络. There will undoubtedly be many more in the future.无疑将会有更多的合作.

* OA journals:办公期刊:
o OA journals conduct peer review .办公期刊进行同行审查.
o OA journals typically let authors retain copyright.办公自动化学报典型让作者保留版权.
o Some OA journal publishers non-profit (e.g. Public Library of Science or PLoS) and some are for-profit (e.g. BioMed Central or BMC).一些出版商办公JOURNAL非营利性(如公共图书馆或走近科学),有的是以营利(如医学生物中心或高官).
o OA journals pay their bills very much the way broadcast television and radio stations do: those with an interest in disseminating the content pay the production costs upfront so that access can be free of c harge for everyone with the right equipment.办公自动化学报缴纳法案非常电台、电视台播放的方式做:有兴趣传播内容的制作成本付出确实可以免费获得,使居人人享有与放电设备. Sometimes this means that journals have a subsidy from the hosting university or professional society.这意味着期刊有时有补助大学或专业协会主办. Sometimes it means that journals charge a processing fee on accepted articles, to be paid by the author or the author's sponsor (employer, funding agency).这意味着期刊有时收取手续费就接受条款须由作者或作者的赞助(雇主拨款机构). OA journals that charge processing fees usually waive them in cases of economic hardship.该杂志负责营运免收手续费她们通常情况下经济困难. OA journals with institutional subsidies tend to charge no processing fees.期刊与机构营运补贴往往不收取手续费. OA journals can get by on lower subsidies or fees if they have income from other publications, advertising, priced add-ons, or auxiliary services.办公自动化学报>得到了补贴或低收费,如果他们的收入来自其他出版物、广告、门票新增或配套服务. Some institutions and consortia arrange fee discounts.一些机构和大财团,安排费折扣. Some OA publishers ( BMC and PLoS ) waive the fee for all researchers affiliated with institutions that have purchased an annual membership.一些出版社营运(高官、走近)免收一切费用所属科研机构已购买了一年一度籍.
o A common misunderstanding is that all OA journals use an "author pays" business model.一个共同的误解,是所有使用办公自动化学报"作者付费"的业务模式. There are two mistakes here.这里有两个错误. The first is to assume that there is only one business model for OA journals, when there are many.一是以为只有一个商业模式营运期刊,当有许多. The second is to assume that charging an upfront processing fee is an "author pays" model.二是假定征收处理费是笔"作者付费"模式. In fact, fewer than half of today's OA journals (47%) charge author-side fees.事实上,只有不到一半的营运费用(47%)期刊撰文方收费. When OA journals do charge fees, the fees are usually paid by author-sponsors (employers or funders) or waived, not paid by authors out of pocket.当杂志办收费营运,由作者支付费用通常提案(雇主或资者)或免除作者不付出口袋. This misunderstanding is harmful because it makes authors wonder whether they can afford to pay the fees and gives OA opponents a chance to spread FUD .这是有害的,因为它使误解作者不知道他们是否能够支付的费用及办公自动化提供散布fud对手机会. In fact there are many reasons why OA journals do not exclude the poor .其实有很多原因,并不排除办公期刊穷人.
o Some use a color code to classify journals: gold (provides OA to its research articles, without delay), green (permits postprint archiving by authors), pale green (permits, i.e. doesn't oppose, preprint archiving by authors), gray (none of the above).有的用彩色代码分类期刊:黄金(以提供办公科研文章,毫不拖延)、绿(许可证postprint按作者归档),苍白绿(许可证,即不反对、预印本归档作家)、灰(上述).
o For details on the business side of OA journals, see the BOAI Guide to Business Planning for Launching a New Open Access Journal , the BOAI Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-Based Journal to Open Access , and the PLoS whitepaper, Publishing Open-Access Journals .收听有关业务方面的OA期刊,看见白蓉指导开展新业务规划JOURNAL开放,转换企业规划指南一路订阅为本JOURNAL开放准入、走近白皮书>,出版开放获取期刊.
o We can be confident that OA journals are economically sustainable because the true costs of peer review, manuscript preparation, and OA dissemination are considerably lower than the prices we currently pay for subscription-based journals.我们完全有理由相信,在经济持续期刊营运成本,因为同侪审查属实,书稿编写、办公自动化和传播都大大低于目前的价格支付认购的期刊. There's more than enough money already committed to the journal-support system.有足够的钱已经超过承诺日刊支持系统. Moreover, as OA spreads, libraries will realize large savings from the conversion, cancellation, or demise of subscription-based journals.此外,由于营运差,图书馆将实现大节余转化,注销或者取消订阅的报刊.
o For a list of OA journals in all fields and languages, see the Directory of Open Access Journals .一册在各领域的OA期刊和语言,看到开放存取期刊目录.

* OA archives or repositories:办公自动化或档案存放:
o OA archives can be organized by discipline (e.g. arXiv for physics) or institution (e.g. eScholarship Repository for the University of California).办公自动化档案可以由纪(例如arxiv物理)或机构(如escholarship知识库为加州大学). When universities host OA archives, they are usually committed just as much to long-term preservation as to open access.当主持人大学档案馆办公,他们通常像许多致力于长期保存,作为开放准入.
o OA archives do not perform peer review.办公自动化档案不履行侪审查. However, they may limit deposit to pieces in the right discipline or authors from the right institution.不过,他们可能在粉身碎骨存款限额或者纪律权由作者的权利机构.
o OA archives can contain preprints, postprints, or both.办公自动化档案可以包含初稿,postprints,或者两者兼有.
+ A preprint is any version prior to peer review and publication, usually the version submitted to a journal.任何一个版本之前预印本侪审查和出版物,通常的版本提交给期刊.
+ A postprint is any version approved by peer review.任何一个版本postprint同行审查批准. Sometimes it's important to distinguish two kinds of postprint: (a) those that have been peer-reviewed but not copy-edited and (b) those that have been both peer-reviewed and copy-edited.有时重要postprint区分两类:(一)对已同行审查,但不照搬-主编(二)双方已付诸同侪审查和复制剪辑. Some journals give authors permission to deposit the first kind of postprint but the not the second kind in an OA repository.一些期刊给作者许可存款首种postprint但不是在第二种办公自动化库.
o OA archives can be limited to eprints (electronic preprints or postprints of journal articles) or can include theses and dissertations, course materials, learning objects, data files, audio and video files, institutional records, or any other kind of digital file.关节炎可限于档案eprints(电子杂志文章的初稿或postprints)或可包括论文、教材、教学对象资料档案,音像档案,档案机构,或任何其他种类的数码档案.
o OA archives can provide OA by default to all their contents or can let authors control the degree of accessibility to their works.办公自动化办公自动化的档案可以提供失能或全部内容让作者控制程度无障碍他们的作品.
o Authors need no permission for preprint archiving.作家不需要许可预印本归档. When they have finished writing the preprint, they still hold copyright.当他们写完的预印本,他们仍持有版权. If a journal refuses to consider articles that have circulated as preprints, that is an optional journal-submission policy, not a requirement of copyright law.如果期刊拒绝考虑文章的初稿已作为,即择日报划界政策著作权法未规定. (Some journals do hold this policy, called the Ingelfinger Rule, though it seems to be in decline, especially in fields outside medicine.)(有的期刊办举办这项政策,叫ingelfinger统治,虽然它似乎是在下降,尤其在医药领域外).
o If authors transfer copyright in the postprint to a journal, then they need the copyright holder's permission to deposit it in an OA archive.如果作者的版权转让给了postprint日报然后他们需要著作权人的许可,但在营运存档案. Most journals ( now about 70% ) already allow postprint archiving.大多数期刊(目前约70%)已经让postprint归档. But if a journal does not allow it, then the author can still archive the preprint and the corrigenda (the differences between the preprint and the postprint).但如果它不容许杂志、那么作者仍档案的预印本及更正(差异预印本和postprint).
o For a searchable database of publisher policies about copyright and archiving, see Project SHERPA .一个检索数据库的出版商版权政策和存档,见项目的Sherpa. Also see the Eprints journal-level supplement to SHERPA's publisher-level data.又看到eprintsJOURNAL级补助的Sherpa饱含一级数据.
o Journals that do not wish to convert to OA, or to provide their own OA content, can still support OA by permitting their authors to deposit postprints of their articles in OA archives.报刊不想转为营运,或提供自己营运内容营运仍可允许其支持作者的文章放置在OApostprints档案. Most journals already permit this.大部分期刊已答应的. The burden is then on authors to take advantage of the opportunity.此后作者的负担是趁. This means that authors may publish in virtually any journal that will accept their work (OA or non-OA) and still provide OA to the published version of the text through an OA archive.这意味着作者可能在几乎任何出版JOURNAL表示将接受他们的工作(营运还是非营运)、还是提供办公自动化的版本通过一个办公文馆.
o The most useful OA archives comply with the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) protocol for metadata harvesting, which makes them interoperable.最有用的营运符合档案开放档案倡议协议数据收割(OAI的),使得他们可以互相通用. In practice, this means that users can find a work in an OAI-compliant archive without knowing which archives exist, where they are located, or what they contain.在实践中,这意味着用户可以找到工作了OAI的电脑档案资料馆不知其中存在所在地或者含有什么. (Confusing as it may be, OA and OAI are separate but overlapping initiatives that should not be mistaken for one another.)(混乱的可能?办公、OAI的重叠,但都是单独行动,不应被误认为是另一个).
o Every university in the world can and should have its own open-access, OAI-compliant repository and a policy to encourage or require its faculty members to deposit their research output in the repository.每所大学在世界上可以而且应该有自己的开放准入、OAI的计算机储存和鼓励政策,或要求其成员系存款存放在其研究成果. A growing number do precisely this.这不正是越来越多.
o We can be confident that OA archives are economically sustainable because they are so inexpensive .我们完全有理由相信,在经济持续营运档案,因为他们是如此便宜. There are many systems of open-source software to build and maintain them.有许多系统开放源码软体建立和保持. Depositing new articles takes only a few minutes, and is done by individual authors, not archive managers.入库新文章,只需几分钟,是由作家个人,不是档案管理人. OA archives require only a small part of a technican's time, primarily at the launch, and some server space, usually at a university.办公自动化档案只需要一小部分的科技新人的时间,主要在发射和一些服务器空间通常在一所大学. Universities already support less essential software and already give more server space to less essential content.高校已经基本不支持多服务器软件和空间已经较少必不可少的内容. In any case, OA archives benefit the institutions that host them by enhancing the visibility and impact of the articles, the authors, and the institution.无论如何,主办机构档案营运效益提高他们的知名度和影响力的文章,作者、和机构.
o There is no definitive list of OA, OAI-compliant archives.并无确切名单关节炎、OAI的电脑档案. But I maintain a list of the good lists .但是我保持了一份好清单.
o For detail on setting up an institutional repository, see the SPARC Institutional Repository Checklist & Resource Guide .为详细设置机构存放见富含体制一览表及资源库指南.
o For more details on OA archiving, see the BOAI Self-Archiving FAQ .详细营运归档,一路看到自我归档常.

* The OA project is constructive, not destructive.营运项目是建设性的,不是破坏性.
o The purpose of the campaign for OA is the constructive one of providing OA to a larger and larger body of literature, not the destructive one of putting non-OA journals or publishers out of business.这项运动的目的是为办公自动化提供一个建设性的一大身体办公文学,不把一个破坏性的非营运期刊或出版社出生意. The consequences may or may not overlap (this is contingent) but the purposes do not overlap.其后果可能不重叠(这是支),但为了不重叠.
o Even though journal prices have risen four times faster than inflation since the mid-1980's, the purpose of OA is not to punish or undermine expensive journals, but to provide an accessible alternative and to take full advantage of new technology —the internet— for widening distribution and reducing costs.尽管物价上涨四倍JOURNAL高于通货膨胀自从一九八○年代中期,办公自动化的目的不是惩罚或破坏昂贵期刊而是提供一个平等、充分利用替代性的新技术--因特网扩大分布降低成本. Moreover, for researchers themselves, the overriding motivation is not to solve the journal pricing crisis but to deliver wider and easier access for readers and larger audience and impact for authors.此外,为研究员,首要动机并不是解决危机JOURNAL定价提供更广泛、更方便,但读者对影响较大、观众和作者.
o Publishers are not monolithic.出版商不是铁板. Some already provide full OA, some provide hybrid models, and some are considering experiments with it.有的已经全面营运,有的提供混合模式,有的正在考虑试点. Among those not providing OA, some are opposed and some are merely unpersuaded.其中不提供办公,有的反对,有的只是说服. Among the unpersuaded, some provide more free online content than others.其中说服,有的提供免费上网内容比别人多. OA gains nothing and loses potential allies by blurring these distinctions.营运收益白白失去这些潜在的盟友的区别模糊不清.
o Most publishers and most journals already permit author-initiated OA archiving .最大多数出版商和期刊作者许可已经发起办公归档. Since self-archiving is a bona fide form of OA, authors who fail to take advantage of the opportunity are actually a greater obstacle to OA than publishers who fail to offer the opportunity.由于自我存档是真正的营运方式,作者未能把握机会其实更大的障碍不是出版商办公不力提供机会.
o Promoting OA does not require the boycott of any kind of literature, any kind of journal, or any kind of publisher.推广办公自动化不需要抵制任何文学,任何人杂志或任何出版. Promoting OA need not cause publisher setbacks, and publisher setbacks need not advance OA.促进出版事业的挫折不必办公,不必预先营运出版社挫折. To focus on undermining non-OA journals and publishers is to mistake the goal .集中破坏非营运期刊和出版商是错误的目标.
o Open-access and toll-access literature can coexist.不限准入和收费接入文学并存. We know that because they coexist now.现在我们知道,因为他们相处. We don't know whether this coexistence will be temporary or permanent , but the most effective and constructive way to find out is to work for OA and see what happens to non-OA providers, not to detour from building OA to hurt those who are not helping.我们不知道这会暂时或永久共存、但最有效的和建设性的方法,便是努力向办公试试看非营运提供商,不绕道从大楼办公伤害那些没有帮助.

* Open access is not synonymous with universal access.开放不等于普及.
o Even after OA has been achieved, at least four kinds of access barrier might remain in place:即使在已取得营运至少四种可能原地准入壁垒:
1. Filtering and censorship barriers .过滤和检查屏障. Many schools, employers, and governments want to limit what you can see.许多学校、雇主和政府要限制你可以看到.
2. Language barriers .语言障碍. Most online literature is in English, or just one language, and machine translation is very weak.大部分都是英文文献上网,或只是一种语言、机器翻译非常薄弱.
3. Handicap access barriers .残障准入壁垒. Most web sites are not yet as accessible to handicapped users as they should be.由于大多数网站还不方便残障人士也理应如此.
4. Connectivity barriers .连通屏障. The digital divide keeps billions of people, including millions of serious scholars, offline.数字鸿沟不断十亿人,包括数百万严重学者离线.
o Even if we want to remove these four additional barriers (and most of us do), there's no reason to hold off using the term "open access" until we've succeeded.即使要清除这些障碍,另外四个(和大多数人一样),没有任何理由搁置不用"开放",直至就是成功. Removing price and permission barriers is a significant plateau worth recognizing with a special name.清除障碍是一个很大的代价,并允许在高原特殊价值认识的名字.

* OA is a kind of access, not a kind of business model, license, or content.关节炎是一种途径,不是一种商业模式,许可或内容.
o OA is not a kind of business model.关节炎不是一种商业模式.
+ There are many business models compatible with OA, i.e many ways to pay the bills so that readers can reach the content without charge.有许多商业模式与办公自动化、食味多方面付账的内容,使读者可以达到免费. Models that work well in some fields, niches, and nations may not work as well in others.工作模式,在某些领域龛,并在国内工作不得别人. No one claims that one size fits all.没有人宣称一刀切.
+ There are many differences among the disciplines that affect the funding of OA.有许多分歧,影响了资金的OA学科. We should not expect OA to make progress in all disciplines at the same rate, any more than we should expect it to make progress in all countries at the same rate.我们不能指望在各个学科取得进展关节炎在同一水平,要指望它比任何取得进展各国在同一税率. Most of the progress and debate is taking place in the STM fields (science, technology, and medicine), but OA is just as feasible and useful in the humanities .大部分的进步和正在发生的辩论领域的STM(科学、技术与医学)关节炎是可行的,但正如人文有用.
+ New OA business models are evolving, and older ones are being tested and revised, all the time.商务办公新模式演进,正在测试和修改旧的一切. There's a lot of room for creativity in finding ways to pay the costs of a peer-reviewed OA journal or a general-purpose OA archive, and we're far from having exhausted our cleverness and imagination.还有很大空间创意如何支付了同行审查或办公JOURNAL通用办公自动化馆、我们远未用尽我们聪明与想象力.
o OA is not a kind of license.关节炎是一种不许可. There are many licenses compatible with OA, i.e. many ways to remove permission barriers for users and let them know what they may and may not do with the content.有许多符合营运执照,许多办法清除障碍,即允许用户可以让他们知道他们并不得做与内容. See the sections on permission barriers and licenses above.看到上述路段许可执照和障碍.
o OA is not a kind of content.关节炎不是一种内容. Every kind of digital content can be OA, from texts and data to software, audio, video, and multi-media.每一种数码内容可以营运,从文本和数据软件、录音、录像、多媒体. The OA movement focuses on peer-reviewed research articles and their preprints.营运运动着重同行审查和研究文章初稿. While most of these are just text, a growing number integrate text with images, data, and executable code.虽然大部分这些只是文字,越来越多的文字与影像整合、数据、可执行代码. OA can also apply to non-scholarly content, like music, movies, and novels, even if these are not the focus of most OA activists.关节炎也可以适用于非学术内容,像音乐、电影、小说、即使这些都不是重点,最办公活动家.

* OA serves the interests of many groups.办公服务许多利益团体.
o Authors : OA gives them a worldwide audience larger than that of any subscription-based journal, no matter how prestigious or popular, and provably increases the visibility and impact of their work.作者:全世界的观众为他们办公大于任何用户为本JOURNAL,不管如何盛名的还是人气,增加知名度和影响可证的工作.
o Readers : OA gives them barrier-free access to the literature they need for their research, not constrained by the budgets of the libraries where they may have access privileges.读者:办公自动化使他们无障碍获得他们需要的文献研究、不受制于预算的图书馆都可以得到优惠. It increases their convenience, reach, and retrieval power.它增加了方便,达到和检索能力. OA also gives barrier-free access to the software that assists readers in their research.关节炎也给无障碍通道的软件,帮助读者自己的研究. Free online literature is free online data for software that facilitates full-text searching, indexing, mining, summarizing, translating, querying, linking, recommending, alerting, "mash-ups" and other forms of processing and analysis.免费上网免费上网数据文献软件,便于全文检索、索引、采矿、总结、翻译、查询、连接、推荐,警戒,"醪监视"以及其他形式的处理和分析.
o Teachers and students : OA puts rich and poor on an equal footing for these key resources and eliminates the need for permissions to reproduce and distribute content.教师和学生:办公自动化使富国和穷国平起平坐这些关键资源和不需要许可复制、散发内容.
o Libraries : OA solves the pricing crisis for scholarly journals.图书馆:定价办公解决危机的学术论文. It also solves what I've called the permission crisis .它也正是我所谓的解决危机的许可. OA also serves library interests in other, indirect ways.其它办公益图书馆也间接方式. Librarians want to help users find the information they need, regardless of the budget-enforced limits on the library's own collection.图书馆管理员要帮助用户找到他们需要的信息,不管预算执行限制图书馆的收藏. University librarians want to help faculty increase their audience and impact and thereby help the university raise its research profile.大学图书馆想帮助他们提高师资和观众的影响,从而有助于提升大学的研究概况.
o Universities : OA increases the visibility of their faculty and institution, reduces their expenses for journals, and advances their mission to share knowledge.大学:提高知名度自己的办公机构和医学院,减少支出期刊他们分享知识和进步的使命.
o Journals and publishers : OA makes their articles more visible, discoverable, retrievable, and useful.出版商和期刊:关节炎使得其文章更直观、发现、检索、有用. If a journal is OA, then it can use this superior visibility to attract submissions and advertising, not to mention readers and citations.JOURNAL如果是营运,就可以利用这个优势吸引能见度意见书和广告更不用说读者和嘉奖. If a subscription-based journal provides OA to some of its content (e.g. selected articles in each issue, all back issues after a certain period, etc.), then it can use its increased visibility to attract all the same benefits plus subscriptions .如果用户的办公自动化提供一些journal内容(如选定文章每期回来后,一切问题一定期限等),然后可利用其知名度,以吸引更多的好处,加上所有同订阅. If a journal permits OA through postprint archiving, then it has an edge in attracting authors over journals that do not permit postprint archiving.如果杂志纸办公通过postprint归档、那么它的作者有优势吸引超过报刊不允许postprint归档. Of course subscription-based journals and their publishers have countervailing interests as well and generally oppose OA.当然订阅的报刊、出版社有了自己的利益和反补贴普遍反对和办公自动化. But it oversimplifies the situation to think that all their interests pull against OA.但过分的情况觉得自己的利益拉反对一切营运.
o Funding agencies : OA increases the return on their investment in research, making the results of the funded research more widely available, more discoverable, more retrievable, and more useful.融资机构:提高办公自动化的投资回报研究资助研究成果进行更广泛、更发现,更可以检索、更有益. OA serves public funding agencies in a second way as well, by providing public access to the results of publicly-funded research.公共服务机构的办公经费也是一个第二种,提供公众获得结果公帑资助的研究.
o Governments : As funders of research, governments benefit from OA in all the ways that funding agencies do (see previous entry).政府:作为资研究受惠于政府办公机构全部经费的方式做(见以前进入). OA also promotes democracy by sharing government information as rapidly and widely as possible.办公自动化还促进民主的政府信息共享为尽可能广泛、迅速.
o Citizens : OA gives them access to peer-reviewed research (most of which is unavailable in public libraries) and gives them access to the research for which they have already paid through their taxes.公民:让他们进入办公同行审查研究(大部分是无法在公立图书馆)并让他们接触他们的研究已缴纳税款通过. It also helps them indirectly by helping the researchers, physicians, manufacturers, technologists, and others who make use of cutting-edge research for their benefit.它也间接地帮助他们,帮助研究人员,医师,厂商,技师、等人利用尖端研究为他们的利益.

* OA in historical perspective:营运历史:
o Scholarly journals do not pay authors for their articles, and have not done so since the first journals were launched in London and Paris in 1665.学术论文,其文章的作者不付,而尚未推出以来首刊于1665年的伦敦和巴黎. (See Jean-Claude Guédon, In Oldenburg's Long Shadow .)(见让-克洛德guédon,奥尔登堡的长影子).
+ Journals took off because, for readers, they surpassed books for learning quickly about the recent work of others.期刊起飞,因为读者,他们很快就超越了书本学习近期工作等. For authors, journals surpassed books for sharing new work quickly with the wider world and, above all, for establishing priority over other scientists working on the same problem.须知,超越图书期刊共享新工作很快与广大的世界,首先建立优先于其他工作的科学家,对同一问题. They gave authors the benefit of a fast, public time-stamp on their work.他们给作者利于快速、公共时间戳的工作. Because authors were rewarded in these strong, intangible ways, they accepted the fact that journals couldn't afford to pay them.因为这些作者奖励强大、无形的方式,他们接受了事实,他们付不起期刊. Over time, journal revenue grew but authors continued in the tradition of writing articles for impact, not for money.一段时间,期刊收入持续增长,但作者在文章的写作传统的影响,不为金钱.
o OA was physically and economically impossible in the age of print, even if the copyright holder wanted it.关节炎是身体和经济上不可能在印刷时代,即使著作权人通缉. Prices were not only unavoidable for print journals, they were even affordable until the 1970's, when they began to rise faster than inflation.价格不仅不可避免印刷期刊,他们甚至负担直到70年代,当他们开始回升高于通货膨胀. Prices have risen four times faster than inflation since 1986.价格上涨速度比通货膨胀自1986年的4倍. Fortuitously, just as journal prices were becoming unbearable, the internet emerged to offer an alternative.一个偶然,就像JOURNAL价格都不能容忍的地步,互联网提供另类出现.
o It doesn't matter whether we blame unaffordable journals on excessive publisher prices or inadequate library budgets.不管我们埋怨价格太高期刊出版过多或不足图书馆预算. If we focus on publishers, it doesn't matter whether we blame greed or innocent market forces (rising costs and new services).如果集中精力出版商不管我们责怪或贪欲无辜市场力量(成本上涨和新服务). Blame is irrelevant and distracting.责怪和繁复无关. The volume of published knowledge is growing exponentially and will always grow faster than library budgets.知识是出版数量递增,增长速度比永远图书预算. In that sense, OA scales with the growth of knowledge and toll access does not.从这个意义上说,随着知识营运规模和收费不准入. We've already (long since) reached the point at which even affluent research institutions cannot afford access to the full range of research literature.我们已经(很久)到了研究机构甚至富裕不起享用全套研究文学. Priced access to journal articles would not scale with the continuing, explosive growth of knowledge even if prices were low today and guaranteed to remain low forever.门票获取期刊论文1050不会持续、爆炸性增长知识,即使价格很低,今天保证永远处于低位.
o The pricing crisis itself is just one factor in the rise of OA.危机本身价格上涨只是一个因素的OA. Even if scholars did not turn to OA in order to bypass unaffordable access fees, they'd turn to it in order to take advantage of the internet as a powerful new technology for sharing knowledge instantly, with a worldwide audience, at zero marginal cost, in a digital form amenable to unlimited processing.即使不转学者以绕道营运负担接入费用他们早早地把它为了利用互联网作为一个强大的新科技知识共享瞬间,全世界的观众,零边际成本,在一个无限的数字形式适合加工.
o For a schematic history of OA, see my timeline of the open-access movement .为办公图史,看到我的时间不限接入运动.