送交者: Yush 于 2006-5-19, 03:13:37:
中国学术造假泛滥
《基督教科学箴言报》2006年5月16日
Robert Marquand
中国一项研究发现，百分之六十的博士侯选人承认剽窃、{贿赂}{bribery，翻译成“贿赂”太重了？}
Research fraud rampant in China
A Chinese study found that 60 percent of PhD candidates admitted to plagiarism, bribery.
By Robert Marquand
北京－中国研发业中心的欺诈伪造行为水落石出，令人震惊。这说明那些勇于揭露中国高校{所特有的造假腐败现象}{a culture of fraud and corruption}而正得到支持{gaining traction}的学者们言之不虚。
The stunning revelation of fraud and fakery in the heart of China's R&D industry has vindicated a feisty set of scholars who are gaining traction in exposing a culture of fraud and corruption in China's colleges.
就在几天前，权威机构透露，用来提高国产计算机技术的汉芯数字信号处理芯片（所谓“中国的芯片”）并非原创。根据现有证据，“汉芯之父”陈进于2003年拿一国外公司的产品来赢得了一项金额巨大的招标。具有讽刺意味的是，他因此成为被大力宣传的、制造中国超级微型芯片这一爱国目标的先锋。
Just days ago authorities revealed that the Hanxin digital signal chip, a so-called "Chinese chip" designed to enhance home-grown computer technology, is not an original. Chen Jin, "father of the Chinese chip," evidently used a product from a foreign firm to win a lucrative bid in 2003 - ironically, to spearhead a much publicized patriotic national drive to create a Chinese super microchip.
对于中国的科研人员来说，陈进事件虽然令人尴尬，但也实在太平常了。还有其他造假事件正暴露出来。中国高校剽窃、伪造和腐败现象根深蒂固、司空见惯，虽广为人知，却普遍未得到监管和惩处。
For scientists and researchers in China, the Chen case, while embarrassing, is all too typical. Other fraud cases are coming to light that reveal a deeply ingrained habit of plagiarism, falsification, and corruption - widely recognized, but not widely policed or punished in Chinese universities.
这次事件发生在全世界对当地企业、出口商品、以及中国科技投入的本质特征的忧虑逐渐增强之时。盗版DVD曾经一度令人气愤、有时又滑稽可笑，现今已演变为一件遭到全方位指控的违反高技术知识产权的问题。星期二，美国商会发布了一份针对中国盗版侵权行为的措辞强硬的白皮书。
It also arrives in the midst of growing concerns about the nature and character of native firms, of exports, and of the contributions to technology and scholarship by China around the world. What has been an irritating and somewhat comical issue about pirated DVDs - has now morphed into a fuller-scale complaint about high-tech intellectual property rights violations. The American Chamber of Commerce Tuesday issues a tough "white paper" on piracy violations and practices in China.
上星期，120位在美国的华人科学家写了一份致科技部官员的表示关注的公开信。公开信指出，中国的科研标准已严重下滑，国家的声誉处于危险之中。可笑的是，提高科研声誉的渴望，以及科学家所受到的压力，在某种程度上激起了投机取巧行为。
Last week nearly 120 Chinese scientists living in the US wrote an open letter of concern to Ministry of Science officials, arguing that standards of research in China have dipped to such lows, that the country's reputation is on the line. Ironically, the desire to boost China's research reputation, and the pressure that puts on scientists, is partly fueling the corner-cutting.
科技部最近对180位博士侯选人的研究发现，百分之六十的人承认曾经剽窃，同样比例的人承认曾经施以贿赂来换取论文发表。
A recent Ministry of Science study of 180 PhD candidates in China found that 60 percent admitted plagiarizing, and the same percentage admitted paying bribes to get their work published.
生物化学学者方舟子说：“实际情况可能更糟，特别在社会科学领域。”方舟子一部分时间在加利福尼亚，另一部分时间在北京。他开办的网站已经揭露了超过500起发生在中国的严重学术造假案例。
"The actual situation might be worse than that, particularly in the area of social sciences," says Fang Zhouzi, a biochemist who splits his time between California and Beijing, and runs a website that has detailed more than 500 cases of serious academic fraud in China.
方先生是最勇猛的揭发者之一，在中国学术圈广为人知又令人敬畏。他真名方舟子，象是一位《旧约》的中针对说谎和欺骗的惩罚天使。他的作为已导致学术界很多高层次的欺诈行为的曝光和人员解职。
Mr. Fang is one of the feistiest whistle-blowers - wellknown and also feared in Chinese academic circles. Fang, whose real name is Fang Shi-min, is an Old Testament angel of vengeance when it comes to lying and cheating, and his work has led to a number of high-level fraud exposures and dismissals in the academic world.
他的调查已经揭露了：
His investigations have exposed:
* 合肥工业大学杨敬安，在方舟子揭露其剽窃国外学术杂志论文后，被开除党籍。
? Yang Jingan of Hefei Industry University, who was expelled from the communist party after Fang disclosed plagiarized essays from foreign academic journals;
* 刘辉，清华大学医学院院长助理，在方舟子发现其冒充纽约大学医学研究中心主任后被开除。
? Liu Hui, dean of the Medical School of Tsinghua University, who was dismissed after Fang found that Liu falsely claimed to have been director of medical research at New York University;
* 杨杰，上海同济大学生命学院院长，在他承认伪造简历后（译者注：原文如此。有误）被解职。
? Yang Jie, dean of biology at Tongji University in Shanghai, who was dismissed after admitting to having a falsified résumé.
汉芯事件是陈先生的一位助手揭露的。这位助手很明显害怕卷入曾被证明无效的行动，因此于1月17日把揭露信张贴到了新华社电子公告板上。
In the computer chip case, it was an assistant that exposed Mr. Chen. Evidently fearful of being implicated in what was proving a fruitless mission, the assistant posted on Jan. 17 an exposé on the Xinhua bulletin board.
5月12日，陈进所在的上海交通大学表示，汉芯（即“中国的芯片”）是摩托罗拉的DSP 56800E。交大迅速开除了陈进。据透露，上海2003年有高层官员参加的推出芯片的展览会上所展示的，是{一块喷过漆的金属}{a painted piece of metal（译者注：原文如此。应该是民工打磨的摩托罗拉芯片）}。
On May 12, Shanghai's Jiaotong University, where Chen is based, stated the Hanxin, or "Chinese heart chip," was a DSP 56800E, by Motorola. The University promptly fired Chen. The chip on display in Shanghai at the festive 2003 chip launch, attended by top officials, was a painted piece of metal, it was revealed.
然而，方舟子和其他打假者说，{这几件尽人皆知的丑闻}{such public disgracings}是例外而非惯例。他们指出，{学术剽窃这一特有现象}{the culture of plagiarism}的持续存在，主要在于学术腐败蔓延到高等学校的上层人物、以及揭露这一现象的努力遭到压制。
Yet Fang and other fraud-busters say such public disgracings are the exception, not the rule. They argue that the culture of plagiarism continues mainly because corruption runs to the upper levels of the institutions of higher learning, and efforts to expose it are throttled.
以魏于全为例。魏先生是四川大学副校长、免疫学家、中国科学院院士。魏先生最近的一篇描述治疗肿瘤细胞的实验的论文，被宣传为重大突破。中国中部一位相对来说不大出名的老病理学家司履生仔细阅读了这篇论文，{有些事情令他感到气愤难忍}{something stuck in his craw,如梗在喉？}。司向魏提出了直截了当的求证，但魏拒绝提供基本证据，拒绝讨论所用的方法，甚至拒绝提供实验室购买专用白鼠的单据。可是，凭借这篇论文，魏从{中国国家生命科学与自然基金会}{China's National Life Science and Nature fund?? 中国国家自然科学基金委员会的英文是the National Natural Science Foundation of China?}得到了6万美元资金－对中国的教授们来说，这是一笔巨款，有些教授每月只挣350美元。
Take the case of Wei Yuquan. Mr. Wei is vice president of Sichuan University as well as an immunologist and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. A recent article by Mr. Wei describing an experiment to treat cancer cells was billed as groundbreaking. Yet when Si Lu Sheng, a relatively obscure older pathologist from central China, reviewed the article, something stuck in his craw. Mr. Si asked Mr. Wei for simple verification. But Wei refused to present basic evidence, discuss methods, or even present receipts for lab purchases of special white mice. Yet on the basis of the article, Wei received a $60,000 grant from China's National Life Science and Nature fund - big money for professors here, some of whom make only $350 a month.
司深感惊诧。他告诉箴言报，临近退休，没什么可损失的了，于是他开始了一场小型行动，揭露他所认为的论文中的欺骗之处。
Si was flabbergasted. Nearing retirement, and with little to lose, he started a small campaign to expose what he felt was cheating, he told the Monitor.
魏几次见司，劝说司不要采取行动。魏答应向司提供一项金额不菲的研究项目，但司不为所动。于是，另一种压力施加到司身上：司接到令其困扰的电话，{他的妻子在工作上受到压力}{his wife was pressured at her job}。最后，四川大学支持了它的副校长。但仍然没有坚实证据证明医学实验确实曾经做过。
Wei visited Si several times to talk him out of his campaign. Si was offered a lucrative research project. But Si wasn't biting. So, a different kind of pressure was exerted - Si got harassing phone calls and his wife was pressured at her job. In the end, the university backed its vice president. But no substantive evidence of the veracity of the medical test has been forthcoming.
司说：“我参与这件事，是为了警告年轻学者们科研伪造的危害。魏的论文造假明显，人人都知道。但谁都不敢谈论它，因为川大校长宣称魏的工作是令人满意的。川大高层领导下令停止讨论这件事，于是就停止讨论了。”
"I got involved to warn younger scholars of the harm of falsifying research," Si says. "The faking is obvious, everyone knows it. But no one dares to talk about it, since the university president declared the work was acceptable. When the senior leaders at the university ordered the discussion to be closed, it was."
于是，司把一组信件和事实证据发给了方舟子的网站。。
So Si sent a set of letters and the case to Fang's website.
箴言报联系到的四川大学发言人说：“对学术腐败的指控和学术争论没有明显界限。与学术腐败斗争的人们是不可信赖的，他们这样做是为了出名。我们应当让学校领导作出裁定。”
A Sichuan University spokesman contacted Monday said that, "There is no clear line between academic corruption and academic disputes. People who are fighting against corruption are not reliable and do so to make a name. We should let the leaders of the university decide."
在学术欺诈方面做研究的清华大学工程教授赵南元说：“我们要做的是，真正处罚造假者，把他们踢出去。到目前为止，我们大学的领导只作了口头承诺要监管此事。问题在于，很多违犯者即使被揭露了也还在那里待着。”
"What we need is to actually punish those who commit fraud, to kick them out," says Tsinghua University engineering professor Zhou Nanyuan, who does research in the area of science fraud. "So far we only have an oral commitment to police this, from our university leaders. The problem is that many violators remain, even after they are exposed."
方舟子告诉箴言报：“欺诈者职位越高，他逃避调查和惩处就越容易。”
"The higher the position a cheater occupies, the easier for him to avoid investigation and punishment," Fang told the Monitor.
这里的专家们说，与科技有关的造假的增加导致了对腐败现象的揭露，因为{科学趋向于是一门要出成就的学科}{science tends to be a performance-driven discipline}，而举证是公认的全过程的一部分。
The increase in science-related fraud contributes to the exposure of corruption, since science tends to be a performance-driven discipline where verification is part of the accepted process, experts here say.
司履生还说，严谨的{科技审稿机制}{science review mechanisms，审查？}一直欠缺。{最初把那篇论文发表出来的科技杂志编辑}{The science magazine editors that first published the article 特指魏的那篇论文？}是按照资历而不是专业能力选出来的。
Still, Si says that serious science review mechanisms are lacking. The science magazine editors that first published the article were chosen by seniority rather than professional capability, Si says.
对{审查过程}{the review process}，{忠于川大的当事人们}{Party members loyal to the school，school特指川大？}有着远比一位知识渊博却资历低的人物更有影响力的发言权。由于资金来自国家基金，审查组成员很少愿意{出头}{stick their necks out}并驳回复杂的科学主张，尤其是在资金计划是以“国家科研项目”的名义提出的情况下。
Party members loyal to the school have far greater say in the review process than a more knowledgeable, but less senior, figures. Since grants are state funds, few on the review boards are willing to stick their necks out and rebut serious scientific claims - especially for grant proposals that appear under titles like "national research."