我的汉译英暑假作业-韩国为什么“恢复"汉字?


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送交者: nini 于 2006-08-30, 00:53:19:

我的汉译英暑假作业(为了2000元)

韩国为什么"恢复" 汉字?
Why Are Chinese Characters Being "Reinstated" in South Korea?

网络原载: 中国侨网 www.chinaqw.com.cn 正体版
Web Source: Overseas Chinese Network Traditional Chinese

Translated by Nini

  南韩、北韩人使用中国汉字有1000多年的历史,绝对是中华文化的后裔,可是为什么后来废除了中国汉字呢?首先因为朝鲜的语言属于阿尔泰语系,与中国的汉藏语系不太一样,但是古代朝鲜文化落后,一直没有发明自己的文字,所以只能沿用中国汉字。但是汉字还是无法充分的表现韩语的发音和朝鲜人民的思想感情,普通朝鲜平民根本不识汉字,只有朝鲜贵族、官员会使用汉字,称为"吏读文字",而普通朝鲜平民只能以口头方式进行文化交流,他们的生活知识和年积月累的农业耕种经验和农耕方法也都无法长久的流传下去。
Koreans, either in the north or the south, having used Chinese characters for over 1000 years, are absolutely the carriers of Chinese culture, but why did they abolish Chinese characters for a while? The apparent reason seems that the native language of Koreans actually belongs to Altaic family, rather different from the Han-Tibetan family to which Chinese language belongs. With a backward cultural foundation, the ancient Koreans could not invent their own writing system and had to rely on Chinese characters. However, Chinese characters are not sufficient to fully express the pronunciation of Korean language and the way of thinking of the Korean people. Chinese characters were used exclusively by Korean nobles and officials only and was called "language for officials". Common Koreans did not have opportunity to learn Chinese characters and could only depend on oral communication to live their life and conduct cultural exchanges. As a consequence, their life knowledge and hard obtained experience and techniques in agriculture accumulated over a period of time could not be recorded, preserved and passed on.
 到了1446年的朝鲜世宗大王时期,就是中国的明朝时期,作为中国附庸国的朝鲜在政治、经济、文化、科技、军事上都得到一定的发展,因而朝鲜人民对拥有自己民族文字的愿望比较强烈了,世宗非常同情国民的处境,作为一个想要发展民族文化,推进国家独立的朝鲜君王,世宗开始苦思冥想,梦想创造出一种独特而易学易懂的朝鲜本土文字,让普通的朝 鲜庶民也可以轻松驾驭朝鲜的语言。
In 1446 during the ruling period of Sejong the Great of Joseon (Ming dynasty of China), Korea as a subordinate kingdom of China had achieved considerable development in economics, culture, industry as well as in military power and Korean people had a stronger wish than before to have their own national written language, a vision fully shared by Sejong. As a king resolved to cultivate his own national culture and drive to full national independence, Sejong started to think voraciously and dreamed of creating a unique and straightforward written language based on local Korean culture so that the common Korean subjects could command the language with ease.  
 世宗在发明朝鲜文字时,受到音乐和北方游牧民族拼音文字的启发,了解到简单的音乐符号(1234567)就能够记录世界上所有的音乐,那么,相对简单的拼音字符也应该可以记录全部的朝鲜语音,从而拼写出朝鲜的文字。所以世宗组织起当时包括他本人在内的许多朝鲜"集贤殿"的优秀学者,还特意派遣一位朝鲜知名学者,前后十几次到中国来学习、研究汉字精髓,历时达三十年之久,才最终在1446年发明创造了朝鲜文字,于是朝鲜在使用了近千年的中国汉字以后,终于有了自己的民族文字。
While Sejong was inventing Korean alphabet and characters, he was enlightened by music and the spelling language of the northern nomadic people. After he learnt that the simple music notes 1234567 were adequate to record all music in the world, he realized that simple spelling symbols were sufficient to express the entire Korean spoken language and form a complete Korean written language. Therefore, Sejong set up an organization to encompass a great number of outstanding scholars in the Ministry of Education in the Privy Council, including himself and sent, for more than ten times, a prominent Korean scholar to China to study the essence of Chinese characters over a period of thirty years before finally promulgating the created Korean alphabet and characters in 1446. For the first time, Korea had its own ethnic writing system, ending the history of the sole use of the Chinese characters for more than 1000 years.  
 世宗大王(1418-1450年),他精通儒家学问,极力提倡儒学价值观念以外的哲学观念,博学多闻,政治手段高明,能够对付朝鲜的两班学者(两班:指的是集`贵族'与`官吏'于一身的朝鲜学者们,他们享有极高的政治文化权利,甚至可以藐视朝鲜国王)。他在统治期间,对国家管理、语音学、民族文字、经济学、科学、音乐、医学和人文学研究方面都表现出积极的思想。他建立了集贤殿,以促进传统和政治经济方面的研究,最着名的成就之一是创立了韩文字母。
  Sejong the Great was an excellent Confucian scholar on one hand but he was also an enthusiastic advocate of philosophies different from the Confucian value system on the other. He was extremely well educated and broadly informed and an outstanding politician who could deal with the otherwise unruly Two Sects of Scholars who were both nobles and high-ranking officials and enjoyed extraordinary privileges in politics and culture and even occasionally challenged the King. Under his rule, he contributed enormous ideas to national government, linguistics, ethnic languages, economics, science, music, medicine and even literature and humanities. He established the Ministry of Education to promote the research in traditional culture, politics and economics. Among his greatest achievements is the invention of the Korean alphabet and characters.
《训民正音》就是在此背景下应运而生的。世宗大王在公告序言中写道:“中文汉字是基于中国历史应运而生的,因此无法清楚的表达朝鲜韩语特有的语境,无法充分表现庶民的想法和感情。考虑到我国子民的实际情况,我创立了这28个字母(注:经过字母的演化与合并,现代朝韩社会只使用24个字母,比26个英文字母还少2个,是欧美学者比较公认的简化拼音),这些文字简单易学,希望能提高每位朝鲜国民的生活品质"。从这篇序言中可以看出世宗大王对朝鲜文化的独立、国民的繁荣所持的执着和献身精神。这24个朝鲜拼音字母如下:
  辅音:
  (g,k),(n),(d,t),(rorl),(m),(b,p),(s),(ng),(j),(ch),(k),(t),(p),(h)
  元音:
  (a),(ya),(eo),(yeo),(o),(yo),(u),(yu),(eu),(i) 
Hunmin Jeongeum (The Instructions of Correct Pronunciation), now called Hangul, was the resultant product in this background. In the preface of his decree to promulgate the new language, Sejong writes: "The Chinese characters are a natural product generated on the basis of Chinese history and thus inadequate to express without ambiguity the unique Korean spoken language and could not fully express the thought and feeling of my common Korean subjects. Taking into account of the humble reality of my subjects, I created the 28 Korean letters (due to evolution and combination, only 24 letters are in use in modern Korean societies, less than 26 letters in English, hence a type of simplified alphabet known to linguists in Europe and America). These letters and characters are easy to learn and I wish the new language shall help raise the quality of life of every Korean national." This preface demonstrates the persistence and devotion of Sejong the Great to cultural independence of Korea and national prosperity. The 24 Korean letters are:
Consonant:
 (g,k),(n),(d,t),(rorl),(m),(b,p),(s),(ng),(j),(ch),(k),(t),(p),(h)
 Vowel:
  (a),(ya),(eo),(yeo),(o),(yo),(u),(yu),(eu),(i) 
 创造韩文表音字母的世宗大王和集贤殿的学士们认为人类的发音不仅仅是单纯的生理现象,还有一股虽然人们看不到,但实际上更强大的力量在支配着这一行为。他们认为人类的发音和文字的笔画,以及所有的宇宙现象均与中国道教的阴阳、五行密不可分,并由此推测声音与季节变化以及音乐是必然相通的。韩语的音节分为3个部分,分别是辅音、元音、尾音,这是世宗大王和集贤殿的学士们创造韩文字的基础。尾音不是单独创建的,而是根据辅音的重复而创,因此韩语是充分有效地结合元音和辅音而成的,应该说是不错的拼音文字。
 Sejong and the scholars of the Ministry of Education who created the Korean alphabet believed that human pronunciation is not merely a physiological phenomenon and is actually governed by more powerful, albeit invisible, forces. They were convinced that human pronunciation and strokes in writing, like all other phenomena in the universe, are intimately related to Yin and Yang and the Five Elements (metal, wood, fluid, fire, earth) in Taoism of China. Therefore, they theorized that sound, seasonal alternation and music are necessarily connected to each other. A Korean syllable consists of three segments: a consonant, a vowel and a final particle, which form the basis on which Sejong and his fine scholars to create the Korean characters. The final particles were not created separately but formed by repeating consonants. Therefore, Korean written language makes use of consonants and vowels, fully and effectively, and is a good spelling language.
 朝鲜的"谚文"与"谚语"一样是民间的语言文字,由于政治文化地位的低下,谚文属于二流文字。只有贵族和官吏使用的“吏读文字"属于朝鲜一流文字。早期的朝鲜拼音文字就是"谚文",而现在的"谚文"却是中国汉字了。古代朝鲜的文字实际上有三种:1、纯汉字:完全使用中国的文法规则。2、吏读文字:用汉字拼写朝鲜语言,但是保留汉字的意义与基本文法。3、纯朝鲜字:就是朝鲜世宗创造的拼音字,古代朝鲜的"谚文"。
Folk language of Korea, or kantan, was a kind of language used by common people. Because of its low status in politics and culture, kantan was regarded as of second class. Only the "officials' language", used exclusively by nobles and officials, was entitled to be called first class. For a long time in history, Korean spelling language was regarded as kantan, but today, kantan means Chinese characters. There were three languages in ancient Korea: 1. one that uses Chinese characters entirely and follows Chinese grammar exactly. 2. Officials' Language that uses Chinese characters to spell Korean language, preserves the meaning of Chinese characters and follows basic Chinese grammar. 3. Pure Korean language created by Sejong, the kantan in ancient Korea.
  虽然1446年意味着韩文的正式诞生,但是并不意味朝鲜拼音文字的真正使用,由于中国汉字在朝鲜的强大文化影响力,朝鲜拼音文字一直作为"韩语拼音"而存在,被朝鲜妇女和没受过良好教育的朝鲜人使用,被称为二流文字的"谚文",而朝鲜的贵族、官员还是继续使用汉字"吏读文字"。朝鲜拼音文字的广泛使用是从二十世纪初才开始的,比世宗颁布"训民正音"晚了450年,为什么?
Although the year 1446 marks the birth of Korean written system, it does not mean the real use of the new language. Because of the immense cultural influence of the Chinese characters in Korea, the new spelling language existed largely as a type of auxiliary spelling tool, mainly used by women and poorly educated Koreans, hence kantan, the second class language. The Korean nobles and officials continued to use "officials' language" in Chinese. The extensive use of the Korean spelling language came as late as the beginning of 20th century, some 450 years after the promulgation of Hunmin Jeongeum. What happened?
  这当然不符合世宗450年前的本愿,也是一个对历史的疑问:朝鲜拼音文字一直到19世纪末都被视为"谚文",与“谚语"一样是民间的语言,直到19世纪末,拼音文字在朝鲜都被看成二流文字。是什么原因使朝鲜人在450年后,突然将妇女和平民使用的拼音文字的地位大力提高,在短短的几十年中将其地位扶正,成为官方语言?而且将使用了千年之久的高雅的官方文字 中国汉字几乎乾净彻底地清除出南北朝鲜,使汉字的地位从母体文字被贬为"谚文"的呢?
  其实很简单,原因就在于中国自身的衰落!
 This result was surely not what Sejong envisioned 450 year ago and remains to be a historical puzzle for some people. The Korean spelling language had long been regarded as kantan, a kind of folk language and of second class until the end of 19th century. What caused the Koreans to suddenly elevate the status of the spelling language, once only used by women and people of lower classes, and to metamorphose it into their official language over a short period of few decades and why they virtually removed the Chinese characters--their graceful and elegant official language for over 1000 years--out of Koreas, humiliating the Chinese characters by bringing them from the status of maternal language down to kantan?
The answer is straightforward: the decline of modern China. 
朝鲜世宗450年以后的1896年,中国清朝被日本击败,二十世纪中国清朝被欧美列强瓜分,已经自身难保的中华文明古国自然不再是被朝鲜、日本尊敬的国家,甚至成为日本欺侮的对象……皮之不存,毛将焉附?中国的文化和文字也就自然而然的在朝鲜走下神坛,被降格为朝鲜"谚文"的二流文字了,朝鲜世宗十五世纪苦心创造的韩文在使用汉字的母初中国强大之时得不到实质性的应用,却在中国衰败,朝鲜被日本人占领之时得以通行,曾经的二流拼音文字却成为朝鲜一流的官方文字,实在是讽刺啊。
  450 years after Sejong’s rule of Korea, the Ching Dynasty of China was defeated by Japan in 1896 and subsequently dismembered by the western powers in the beginning of 20th century. The China at that time was unable to safeguard herself and in the eyes of Korea and Japan, she was no longer the civilized and powerful China they had been respecting and worshipping. China then actually had become a hangdog for Japan to bully. Where do the hairs cling to now that the fur is destroyed? Chinese culture and language were naturally removed from the altar of worship and degraded down to the second class kantan. The spelling language invented by Sejong in the 15th century and specially designed for Korean people, could not find real use when China, the birth place of Chinese characters, was strong, but it was put into use as their official language almost overnight after China declined and Japan occupied Korea. It turned out that a second class spelling language in the past ended up becoming first class, official language. How ironic it is! 
朝鲜半岛在1945年被苏联、美国分割成为两个国家:北韩和南韩,所以世宗450年前创造的拼音文字在北朝鲜被称为"朝鲜文",在南韩被称为"韩文",其实大都是一样的。区别是:南韩的"韩文"至今还允许少量夹用汉字;而"朝鲜文"在1948年和1954年两次"废除"汉字,不允许夹用汉字,现在的朝鲜文已经是纯朝鲜文了,而且中国东北吉林省的朝鲜族自治区的学校也使用纯朝鲜文。
 Korean peninsula was split into two countries: North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (Republic of Korea), by the Soviet Union and the United States in 1945. Consequently, the spelling language, invented by Sejong, was given two different names: Korean language in the north and Hang in the south but they are the same language with little difference: in Hang, the use of Chinese characters is permitted till today, "Korean language", however, does not permit the use of Chinese characters after two rounds of abolishment of Chinese characters in 1948 and 1954, respectively. Today's "Korean language" is purely Korean. It is also the language taught in schools in the Korean Autonomous Region in Jilin Province in northeastern China.
可是到了2005年,历史文化又发生了有趣的逆转。2005年2月9日,南韩政府宣布:在所有公务文件和交通标志等领域,全面恢复使用已经消失多年的中国汉字和汉字标记,以适应世界化的时代潮流。并且提出了《推动汉字并用方案》,为了发展南韩的传统文化,促进与东亚汉字文化圈国家的积极交流和推动南韩观光事业的大力发展,将目前完全使用南韩文字的公务文件改为韩、汉两种文字并用,以解决韩文难以清楚的表明汉字含义的历史难题。
In 2005, however, history of culture showed an interesting reverse. On February 9, 2005, the south Korean government made a declaration: In certain sectors such as official and business documents and traffic signs, Chinese characters and Chinese signs, which had "disappeared" from the public for many years, would be put in use again, in order to suit the trend of globalization. The Act of Promoting Parallel Use of Chinese Characters was proposed to boost traditional culture of Korea, to facilitate exchange among countries with common cultural background of using Chinese characters and to drive the tourism of south Korea. The official documents, now in Hang only, will be bilingual in future so that the longstanding problem of ambiguity in expressing Chinese characters by Hang is resolved.
 方案指出:凡地名、人名、历史用语等不写汉字就容易发生混乱的语汇,均在韩文后面注明汉字。为了给中国和日本的观光者提供方便,将逐步在道路交通标志上实行汉字和英语双重标记。此外,还将同教育部门协调改善汉字教育体制,前南韩总统金大中说:“南韩的各种历史古典文章和史料仍以中国汉文书写,如果无视中国汉字,将难以理解我们的古典文化和历史传统,有必要实行韩、汉两种文字同时并用"。而且南韩的许多专家、学者和居民都强烈呼吁加强汉字教育,要求全面恢复使用中国汉字。
  It is noted by the Act that wherever ambiguity would arise such as in names of place and people, historical phrases etc, the corresponding Chinese characters should be added. To provide convenience for Chinese and Japanese tourists, the traffic signs will be gradually marked with both English and Chinese. Moreover, the government would coordinate the educational institutions to improve the education of Chinese characters. "The history, literature classics and historical documents of Korea were written in Chinese characters. If we do not learn Chinese characters, we would not be able to understand our classical culture and historical tradition. It is of necessity to enact the dual use of Korean and Chinese." said the former president Kim Daejung. Moreover, numerous Korean experts, scholars and citizens already made strong appeal to enhance Chinese education and encourage full restoration of Chinese characters.  
为什么韩文难以清楚的表明中国汉字的含义呢?
  因为朝鲜拼音文字虽然是象徵着朝鲜民族的独立,显示出他们是区别于中华汉民族的朝鲜本土民族,但是,朝鲜拼音文字根本还是脱离不开汉字。它们归根到底是汉语的拼音化文字 除了语法结构不同之外,无论韩文的词汇如何变形,它们的发音却接近于它们曾经的母体 汉语,于是就有了中国人听起来十分熟悉的"大宇"、"现代"、"三星"等词的韩语发音。他们语音区别并不比中国的广东话、上海话等地方语言与中国标准普通话之间的区别大!除了语法结构不同之外,韩文可以被理解为汉语的旁系,或者是一种遥远的、异化的大中华方言,韩文字母中最大的创意大概就是圆圈了,中国汉字里面没有圆圈的写法。
  Why is it difficult for Hang to express the meaning of Chinese characters with clarity?  
That is because the Korean spelling language, although a symbol of national independence of Korean people and demonstration of the difference between local Korean nationality and the Han nationality of China, cannot be completely divorced from Chinese characters. Fundamentally, it is a type of Romanized Chinese. Except for the difference in grammar, the pronunciation of Korean language is very close to its maternal language--Chinese, no matter how its vocabulary is changed. For instance, the pronunciations of the famous Korean enterprises, Daewoo, Hyundai, Samsung, are plainly easy for Chinese to understand. The difference between Korean language and Chinese mandarin is actually nor more extensive than that between Cantonese and Mandarin or that between Shanghai dialect and Mandarin. If we ignore the difference in grammar, Hang can be regarded as a branch of Chinese, or a remote, dissimilated Chinese dialect. The most original creation of the Korean alphabet is the sign of circle which is not seen in Chinese characters.
中国汉字有四声,也不能完全解决中国汉字同音字的问题,而韩语中没有四声,所以用韩文表注汉字的发音就是一件十分费力而且头痛的工作,很难做到准确。一个韩文发(Kang)的字,既表示"姜"字,又表示"康"字、"江"字,到底是什么字?要根据前后文的意思而定,要望前后文才能生义,而且要先理解母体汉字的中文语义才可能得到正确的结论。于是就只能请母体文字---中国汉字出来解决问题了,所以就有了目前汉字占四分之一的大韩民国《宪法》。
  There are four tones in Chinese pronunciation, but they are insufficient to solve the problem of homonyms. Hang does not have four tones. Therefore, it is an extremely painstaking job to denote the pronunciation of the Chinese characters with Hang characters and accuracy is hard to achieve. In Hang, for instance,"Kang" can stand for "Chiang" (ginger in Chinese), or "Kang" (healthy in Chinese), or another "Chiang" (river in Chinese). What it really means depends on the context it is in and it requires one to understand the Chinese meaning of the original characters first before drawing a correct conclusion. In many cases, the only solution to this problem is to resort to the maternal words --Chinese characters. That is why one quarter of the text of the current version of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea is Chinese characters.
由于汉字是朝鲜语的古老载体,所以学习韩语时必须先充分掌握汉字,必须知道所要标记的原中语文字的意义,否则就要去按约定的意思去理解,去猜测。那当然不可能做到非常准确,也不可能成其为准确、高雅的朝鲜语言。所以一直到六十年代汉语汉字都是南韩学校中学生的必修课,但是到了七、八十年代以后,政府逐渐废除了中国汉字,现在南韩政府又要求全面恢复汉字,累不累?
  Because Chinese characters were the longstanding carrier of Korean language, one should have a full command of Chinese characters before she learns Hang. She must know beforehand the meaning of the original Chinese character being spelled, otherwise, she has to make sense of the meaning of a Hang character based on the conventional meaning, or simply make a guess, that would not ensure accuracy and elegance of the Korean version. That is the reason that Chinese characters and Chinese language were compulsively taught in schools in the South Korea until 1960s. In 1970s and 1980s, however, the government gradually abolished Chinese characters. Now, the South Korean government made another turn and demanded full restoration of Chinese characters. What a fuss.  
中国人几千年的文明是南韩、北朝鲜,甚至是日本的母体文明,他们传播融合以后成为东亚的亚文明,子体的亚文明必然与母体形似,但是文化上的`废除'行为,却使他们逐渐失去了母体文明的灵魂!如果不与中国母体文明再次联接,韩文、朝鲜文、甚至日本文,都将成为风乾的、没有灵魂的文化`木乃伊',所以南韩政府全面恢复使用中国汉字是必然和明智的历史抉择,其实也别无选择! (来源/科学者)
The Chinese civilization developed over a period of several thousand years is the parent of the cultures of two Koreas and it is even also the parent of Japanese culture. The propagated Chinese culture was fused with local cultures to form a variety of subcultures of the East Asia. The daughterly subcultures necessarily resemble the maternal culture in appearance, but their souls, endowed by their maternal culture, would be gradually depleted by rounds of cultural "abolishment". If Hang, Korean language and Japanese do not make a reconnection with their maternal civilization, they would end up being dried, soulless mummies of culture. The South Korean government made a historical decision of restoring Chinese characters, which is both wise and inevitable. In fact, there is no better alternative option. (Source: Scientists)




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